Assessing the Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Terrestrial Temperature as a Proxy to Microclimate and Its Relationship With Urban Hydro-Biophysical Parameters

Rapid urban land use and cover changes have become a major environmental issue because of their ecological effects, including loss green space heat islands. Effective monitoring management techniques are required. The Saudi Arabian twin city Abha-Khamis Mushyet was selected as case study for this research. As result, the current aimed to statistically spatially investigate relationship between surface temperature (LST) based biophysical parameters such normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), vegetation (NDVI), water (NDWI). This used random forest (RF) classify LULC in 1990, 2000, 2018. We also validated maps novel way. Using mono window algorithm techniques, we extracted LST three periods. dynamics LULC, LST, were investigated using standard statistical graphs map Sankey diagram. correlation coefficient global bivariate Moran’ I approach determine association parameters. then established greater detail by categorizing entire pixel into percentile classes employing parallel coordinate plots. Finally, built GeoDA software conditional map. revealed 334.4 percent increase areas 1990 region is largest stable with an 83.6 transitional probability matrix While 17.9%, 21.8%, 12.4%, 10.5% agricultural land, scrubland, exposed rocks, bodies converted areas, respectively. has increased rapidly over time changes. link that NDBI had positive relationship, whereas NDWI NDVI negative relationship. could be very important it help decision makers figure out how lessen effects islands LULC.